The First Discovery of Personal Agency

There comes a moment, usually in adolescence or early adulthood, when you discover that you have agency. You discover that you have some control over your life -- that you can improve yourself and your situation. I can set goals! I can be the best version of myself!

It is exhilarating. For my 13th birthday my Mom gave me Sean Covey's book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Teens. It had a profound influence on me, not because the content is new or profound, but because it was the first time anybody had told me about planning, emotional intelligence, attitude, persistence, and so on. I read about these concepts and felt a rush. Hark, the potential of self-determination!

Had I a blog at the time, I would have shared my lessons from this and other self-help books, and perhaps even tried to add my own spice to the stew of theories.

I didn't, but many teens and Gen Y folks of today do. They are for the first time discovering their power as agents in the world and have decided to share their excitement by blogging, reheating self-help principles, and linking enthusiastically to each other. More delicate matters, like introspection into personal strengths and weaknesses, get self-protectively channeled into de-personalized generation-wide theories.

At some point, you learn that some of the Tony Robbins axioms don't hold up, or are counterproductive, or are vague beyond use, or simply not very interesting compared to other topics of study. This is part of the maturation process, right?

I wish people didn't mock them in the meantime. I'd rather have young folks writing posts saying, "Make a list of 10 goals today!" instead of "Life sucks, stick your head in a bucket of water." If I had a blog when I went through the initial personal growth self-discovery stage, I'm sure I would have been writing stuff as cheesy and naive as what's coming down the pipe today. Hell, maybe I still am.

So let's understand and accept the phenomenon for what it is, recognize the worse alternatives, and move on.

(hat tip Cal Newport for brainstorming this idea over lunch)

Cater to Your Inner-Completionist

Today while making lunch I realized that when I cut my sandwich into two halves it tastes better overall than when I eat it in one piece.

Why?

When I eat two halves of one sandwich, it feels like I am "completing" two things, not one.

It's the same reason why we'd prefer to read two short books instead of one long book. Total number of pages read might be the same, but we feel more accomplished having completed two whole books.

It's the same reason why breaking tasks into bits (and then checking off each bit on our to-do list) makes us feel more accomplished and energized than leaving one, big task on the to-do list, ever unchecked.

We are completionists by nature.

Sometimes this is a bad thing. Rational decision makers must ignore sunk costs. Abandon that book that stopped being interesting at page 50!

Other times the completionist instinct lets us hack our way to more pleasure with no cost, such as the halved sandwich technique.

Of course, now that you've read this post, upon eating your newly-halved sandwich it will be hard to separate pleasure caused by heightened completionist success versus pleasure caused by a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Either way, you'll feel more pleasure, and have something to think about as you eat.

Links from Around the Web

Much original, exciting content will grace this blog in the month of July. Meanwhile, for those of you who do not follow my delicious tags, I must dump upon you some favorite links:

Your job description, via Eric Reis: "Every person in the company has this job description: in any situation it is your responsibility, using your best judgment, to do what you think is in the best interests of the company. That's it. Everything else is only marketing."

"I'm astounded by how far one can get in life with by just (a) getting stuff done, (b) having a sense of humor and (c) being a non-asshole." - Colin Marshall

How Sarah Silverman is raping American comedy. A good analysis of her meta-bigotry: "instead of discussing race, rape, abortion, incest, or mass starvation, they parody our discussions of them. They manipulate stereotypes about stereotypes. It's a dangerous game: If you're humorless, distracted, or even just inordinately history-conscious, meta-bigotry can look suspiciously like actual bigotry."

Laura Miller on three kinds of tragedy: when you want something and don't get it, when you want something and get it, when you don't know what you want in the first place. "As tragedies go, not getting what you want is the straightforward kind, and getting it can be the ironic variety. But there is also the existential tragedy of not knowing what you want to begin with."

The brain of a baby.

Instructions for life. Some good tips.

A reflection from the woman who designed the interior of many of David Foster Wallace's books. "You are loved." I miss DFW.

Scott Adams' terrific career advice: become pretty good at a couple things, and mix your skill set together in interesting ways. This is easier than becoming exceptionally good at just one thing.

The first rule of firearms: the man who tells you he's going to shoot you unless you do X, will not shoot you. From this highly entertaining article about a man who repossesses jets.

The most reliable sign that one of your bank employees is stealing money? He doesn't take a vacation.

The song of our generation?

In favor of nuclear power.

Why Terry Tempest Williams writes. "I write as though I am whispering in the ear of the one I love."

Dan Baum, while interviewing Rahm Emmanuel about medical marijuana, tells Rahm, "Fuck you." Here's why.

Nerds vs. jocks. "Jockism is not about athletics per se. It’s a philosophy–of certainty vs. endless nerdish questioning; of happy conformity, vs. nerdish loner ostracisim. Jockism is suspicious of complexity, because that’s how you lose games. It’s more comfortable with what it can see, touch, feel, punch."

How To Be Interesting

Russell Davies, three years ago, posted worthwhile tips for how to become a more interesting person. His advice is premised on two assumptions:

The way to be interesting is to be interested. You’ve got to find what’s interesting in everything, you’ve got to be good at noticing things, you’ve got to be good at listening. If you find people (and things) interesting, they’ll find you interesting.

Interesting people are good at sharing. You can’t be interested in someone who won’t tell you anything. Being good at sharing is not the same as talking and talking and talking. It means you share your ideas, you let people play with them and you’re good at talking about them without having to talk about yourself.

Here's his top 10 list. See the post for details under each header:

1. Take at least one picture everyday. Post it to flickr.

2. Start a blog. Write at least one sentence every week.

3. Keep a scrapbook

4. Every week, read a magazine you’ve never read before

5. Once a month interview someone for 20 minutes, work out how to make them interesting. Podcast it.

6. Collect something

7. Once a week sit in a coffee-shop or cafe for an hour and listen to other people’s conversations. Take notes. Blog about it. (Carefully)

8. Every month write 50 words about one piece of visual art, one piece of writing, one piece of music and one piece of film or TV. Do other art forms if you can. Blog about it

9. Make something

10. Read

If you had to take away just one thing from his post, I think it should be assumption #1: the way to be interesting is to be interested.

Assorted Musings

About once a month I post a splatch of assorted musings -- thoughts too short to justify full blog posts, too long to fit into Twitter (where I micro-blog a couple times a day), and always half-baked. What follows are cheap shots, bon mots, and quick thoughts....


1. What is it that's so appealing about the "tortured genius" archetype? Has easygoing depression always been endowed with hipness? If an artist is insanely happy and optimistic about the world, does she lose credibility among her fellow artists? Elizabeth Gilbert, author of Eat, Pray, Love, touches on this a bit in her excellent TED talk.


2. When explaining dissatisfaction in a romantic relationship, women frequently say, "I've always thought I liked you more than you liked me."

Reciprocity matters. In friendships, it's not ideal if I consider you my best friend but you don't consider me your best friend. Either way, true friends don't spend much energy trying to decipher how much the other person "likes" the other.

But in romance this is paramount, especially for women. Women seem to pay closer attention to whether the like or love is flowing bi-directionally at the same clip. And she will stress if she feels her level of love is not being reciprocated by the man.

The problem is that men communicate their like / love in ways different from women, making an apples-to-apples comparison nigh impossible.

"Love" is an intentionally vague word -- it allows us to avoid having to communicate the finer fluctuations in our feelings, but at the risk of those finer fluctuations being misinterpreted.


3. For writers or journalists, Dan Baum has been posting some terrific stuff. Here he is on why you should never accept a comment "off the record." Here's an interview with him about freelance writing. Here are failed proposals he pitched to magazines. Here are all his Tweets, well formatted, about his getting fired as a staff writer at the New Yorker. Tons of inside dirt.


4. Pick-up artists believe women are attracted to men who display aggressiveness, narcissism, and general asshole characteristics. The pick-up community also concedes that you needn't be an asshole all the time -- just when you're spitting game at women. But can you really turn off the alpha game once you've turned it on? Isn't there a risk of asshole-tendencies, originally developed to help you on a Friday night, infiltrating your overall character during the week? I bet you hard core PUAs have weaker male friendships than their non-PUA counterparts.


5. People who preface points with, "The point I'm trying to make is..." too frequently give a sense that they're not effectively making the point. Just say "My point is" instead of "I'm trying to..."


6. Perhaps people use religion as their token "irrational" vice - that is, to be rational all the time is too high a burden, so religion is our one out. It's similar to people who say coffee is their one addiction. (H/t Tyler Cowen)


7. Why isn't there a kissing school / kissing tutors? A place where you can practice kissing with a paid instructor of the opposite sex in a private room? The key is it's not just for couples. It's for single people who want to practice kissing. It seems like there's a business opportunity here if you can ensure it doesn't devolve into prostitution.


8. Meghan Daum, in her column on commencement speeches, writes, "One of life's greatest, saddest truths: that our most 'memorable' occasions may elicit the fewest memories. It's probably not something most commencement speakers would say, but it's one of the first lessons of growing up."

I've written elsewhere that the most intense social bonding happens when we least expect it, i.e., not during the carefully manicured moments or celebrations.


9. It's revealing whether a woman enjoyed her high school years. Happiness in high school has most to do with the success of your social life. Women who loved high school probably had a successful social life. To have a successful social life means you were "in" (in vs. out group dynamics reign supreme). To be "in" usually requires adeptness at emotional manipulation. Research shows teenage girls use verbal attacks and emotional bullying to establish power structures.

So if an adult woman tells me she had a wonderful high school experience -- God forbid "the best four years of my life" -- it might predict certain undesirable qualities.

(The male high school experience is less intense, less emotional and more physical, and thus a less useful predictor of adult personal qualities.)


10. Speaking of criticism, it's hard to take it when it's about self-perceived strengths. And yet this is very important to hear. Also, the hardest type of criticism to hear is when it's half-true, half-false and hits at a deep, private insecurity.


11. On nouns and grammar. We say, "Is she a lesbian?" We do not say, "Is he a gay?" We say, "He is gay." Lesbian is a noun. Gay is adjective. Lesbian feels more domineering. If I say he's gay, gay is just one of several pertinent adjectives. If I say she's a lesbian, she is neither man nor woman -- she is this other type, lesbian.

Another random spotting of a new noun: "a water." E.g., "Can you get me a water?" instead of a "water bottle."


12. Government does such a good job at running things into the ground. Amtrak, education, social security, medicare. Here's a long article on how the government has totally fucked up the U.S. Postal Service. Read it and weep. Up next: General Motors!


13. Having "more experience" than someone else is not by itself enough. It's about how well you can draw the appropriate lessons from the experiences. It's about how well you can distinguish specific experiences as generalizable versus anomalies. I'd hire the reflective 30 year-old over the unreflective 50 year-old with more experience any day of the week.


14. Consider three individuals. One is lower class. One is middle class. One is upper class. The lower and upper class persons are most likely to spend money on "unnecessary stuff" -- a fourth pair of shoes, the impulsive ice cream cone on a hot day. Of course they do so for different reasons. The middle class person is more likely to be frugal.

Another thought on money. In poor families it's more common to give cold hard cash as a gift. In rich families to give cash as a gift is seen as unimaginative, even offensive. I think the intuitive explanation here is the right one -- when you don't have much money cash is more important than symbolism. "It's the thought that matters" is an expensive principle. So, attitudes toward gift giving are probably an accurate reflection of class.


15. I do feel a strong community sense from the familiar strangers I see every day at the gym. The familiarity factor. This type of community is not to be dismissed just because there's no interaction among its members (I've never spoken to them).

On Criticism

A few thoughts and quotes on criticism.

1. Seth Godin says ignore your critics (you can never make them happy) but also ignore your fans (they don't want you to change and change is often necessary). I say, Listen to a few select critics and a few select fans -- the informed, thoughtful ones -- and ignore all the rest. Let me know if you figure out how to do this.

2. Tucker Max muses on haters and worshippers and thinks worshippers can be as dangerous as your critics. He says ignore your critics who are usually fueled by envy:

No matter what, someone is going to try to put you down or tell you that what did sucked, or that it's not good because of [insert spurious logic here]....You cannot be all things to all people, and no matter how great you are, someone will hate you. Even if you are perfect--literally perfect, with no reason for anyone to do anything other than love you--some people will hate you simply because you ARE perfect. Such is envy; it is all about how the envious person sees themselves and ultimately has nothing to do with you.

3. "Honest criticism is hard to take, particularly from a relative, a friend, an acquaintance, or a stranger." - Franklin P. Jones

4. "To avoid criticism do nothing, say nothing, be nothing." - Elbert Hubbard

5. If you feel too tied up in the good or bad opinion of others, perhaps it's time to declare your own independence day.

6. One of my all-time favorite quotes is from Theodore Roosevelt:

It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again, because there is no effort without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds; who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends himself in a worthy cause; who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who neither know victory nor defeat.

7. We value feedback more when it comes from someone who knows what you're going through -- whose face is also marred by the same dust and sweat and blood. Basketball players respect criticism more when it comes from a fellow player. Authors respect book criticism more when it comes from fellow authors, not because another author is necessarily going to be more perceptive but because a fellow author has an appreciation for the effort and the process and as a result delivers the criticism with due decency and empathy. Most bloggers, when entertaining broad criticism about their approach or style or rigor, probably value less feedback from those who do not publish themselves -- people who are not putting themselves out there in a public and permanent medium every single day, not putting forth half-baked ideas in pursuit of the whole idea, not writing just reading, not engaging just lurking, not joining the conversation in the ring but rather shouting from the sidelines whenever they happen to feel particularly irked or impressed.

The lesson, then, seems to be that if you're giving criticism to someone do so in areas where you can relate or have credibility or shared experience -- if you don't, and most of the time you won't, then precede your critique by proactively acknowledging your distance to the matter. Then you needn't feel like you must water down the critique itself. The chance your feedback gets listened to goes up exponentially.

You almost always need to do this when giving criticism to a self-styled "busy" person. Busy people -- yes busyness is as much a matter of identity as it is a matter of time availability and schedule -- tend to think they are uniquely, extraordinarily busy, and that this busyness affects all aspects of their life. Proactively say, "You must be really busy in ways I don't understand," observe the knowing nod, and then get to the criticism.

When to Trust Your Gut

Trust your gut instinct the most when it tells you not to do something.

If your intuition is to work with person X, maybe it's right, maybe it's not. But if your intuition is not to work with a particular person, you should probably heed it.

Positive intuitions are more easily corrupted by biases such as wishful thinking.

For example, when assessing a potential hire, you may be sexually attracted to the person. This is going to positively affect how you view the person and may contribute to a positive hunch on the person's qualifications, even if you consciously know your desire to have sex with her/him shouldn't affect your decision.

On the other hand, if you're not sexually attracted to the candidate, you're not going to have a negative intuition on the person. It's neutral -- a non-issue. Any negative hunch you do have is probably going to be grounded in something meaningful or relevant.

Bottom Line: Listen to your gut in the negative more than in the affirmative.

Related Post: Asking Questions in the Negative: What Do You Regret? How Did You Fail? There is a penetrating quality to negative framing.

(The above insight comes from Auren Hoffman.)

Compassion in the Form of Equation

143
That's from this very amusing and witty list of equations displayed as posters. Check them out.

And here's graffiti spotted in the UK:

Act normal

I thank Justin Wehr for the pointers for both. Justin writes a good blog on infographics, among other things.

"Emotional" Doesn't Mean "Irrational"

Richard A. Posner, in his review of Animal Spirits, writes:

The word "emotional" has overtones of irrationality, but actually emotion is at once a form of telescoped thinking (it is not irrational to step around an open manhole "instinctively" without first analyzing the costs and benefits of falling into it) and a prompt to action that often, as in the case of investment under uncertainty, cannot be based on complete or even good information and is therefore unavoidably a shot in the dark. We could not survive if we were afraid to act in the face of uncertainty.


Indeed. It is incorrect to view emotions as wholly harmful to rational, sound thinking.

Here's my old post The Role of Emotions and Feelings in Decision Making as it applies to concocting a new business idea.

Symbolic Lip Service in the Form of Small, Ineffective Actions

People trying to take control of their personal finances often read personal finance blogs, and then stop. By reading about the topic they check the "I'm managing my money" task box in their head...without actually taking the necessary steps to manage their money.

It'd better if they read no personal finance blog at all and thus couldn't delude themselves that they'd actually done something.

Process-obsessed people are particularly prone to "pre-mature box-checking dissonance avoidance." They approach goals like "be smart about money" by looking for little steps they can do -- read blogs, research, buy budgeting software. Results-oriented people restate the goal as "have $50,000 in savings in x years" and then then focus ruthlessly to make it happen.

Other examples: buying low-fat food at the supermarket and thinking you've taken care of the "lose weight" goal (instead of busting your butt at the gym and eating less), or paying a monthly fee to Match.com and thinking you've taken care of your dating life instead of getting out and meeting women/men.

This phenomenon is something like paying "lip service" to a goal, although it is through symbolic, ineffective action rather than talking.

And because the symbolic actions delude you into thinking you've taken meaningful action, it's worse than doing nothing at all.

(thanks to Ramit Sethi, Cal Newport, and Dave Jilk for helping brainstorm this idea and providing some of the above sentences.)

Procrastiflation: Procrastination + Inflation

The longer a task goes un-completed, the harder it is to do it.

If you say you're going to call John Doe on Monday, and you don't, and you continue to procrastinate on Tuesday, and then Wednesday, it becomes harder and harder with each passing day to ever complete the task.

Another common example is going to the gym. If you want to go to the gym every day, and you miss a day, and then miss another day, and so forth, it becomes harder and harder to get back into the routine.

Problem: A phrase does not exist to describe this phenomenon. Putting names to widely-understood effects makes communication easier. The Streisand Effect, for example, is a good shorthand for the phenomenon of when trying to censor or remove information backfires and causes the information to be widely publicized.

Solution: I email a few friends for help on coming up with a name. Stan James writes:

The key concepts seem to be procrastination (the cause) and inflation (of difficulty). As a portmanteau, I propose "procrastiflation." As in, "I haven't written a blog post in weeks, and now the procrastiflationary costs are becoming insurmountable."

Bottom Line: Procrastiflation is when procrastination of a task over time compounds the difficulty of ever completing it.

Assorted Musings

Cheap shots, quick thoughts, bon mots. Many more quick thoughts at Twitter or thousands of my bookmarks at delicious.

1. Does placebo effect diminish if you know it's happening? That is, if you know the anti-depressant you're about to take might only produce a placebo effect, can you still enjoy the placebo benefit?


2. The robustness of a model is based on how well the model withstands a change of assumptions.


3. "Information overload" is an elite problem. (Most people don't have enough access to information.) And even then, it's only a "problem" for some. There are busy professionals who inhale information and, thanks to fast reading and writing and overall information intake speed, find themselves today at a huge advantage.


4. Some women have more male friends than female friends. Rarely do you find (straight) men with more female friends than male. What is this about?


5. Hold a microphone as if you're brushing your teeth, not eating an ice cream cone. Seriously. This makes a big difference.


6. When not on a teleprompter Obama starts a lot of sentences with "look." Take this sentence from his recent G-20 press conference: "In terms of local politics, look, I'm the president of the United States. I'm not the president of China; I'm not the president of Japan; I'm not the president of the other participants here." The word "look" brings attention to what's about to be said, and sounds authoritative. But I've also noticed it's a verbal tic that dogs arrogant people. So use it scarcely, if at all.


7. It's easy to underestimate the intelligence of someone when they're speaking a foreign language. If you perceive someone's IQ at X, add a few points if you're hearing them in their non-native tongue.


8. Why isn't there matchmaking on airlines? Seems like airlines should partner with dating web sites and incorporate match making into the "seat selection" web page when you check in.


9. "Fundamental and flagrant contradictions rarely occur in second-rate writers; in the work of the great authors they lead into the very center of their work." - Hannah Arendt on Marx


10. Is it possible to deeply learn about something that isn't interesting to you?


11. The research on cohabitation before marriage is mixed. Some say that if couples cohabit before marriage their marriage won't last as long (since it's easier to "slide" into marriage if you're already living together, making you think less hard about whether it's the right thing to do). Other studies say it's a good thing because you can do a test run on how compatible you are when actually sharing physical space. I recently asked a young woman whether she was living with her boyfriend of four years. She said, "No, I live in my own apartment. But basically, I live at his place." This struck me as the optimal point -- technically you want to have your own quarters until marriage, but in practice you should be spending lots of time together and spending most of your time at one place.


12. We need more philanthropists who will invest in the very long term in causes for which there may not be a pay-off within their life time. Donating money and not seeing the immediate return when you're alive is the ultimate act of altruism.

Why Are Women Always Complimenting Each Other on Their Looks?

"That dress looks great on you" or "Those are really cute earrings."

Why are women always complimenting each other on their looks?

Beyond the explanation that it's just a genuine compliment, perhaps the following forces are at work:

1. Reciprocity -- The oldest trick in the book. When you tell someone she looks good, you're likely to get a compliment back.

2. Tribalism & Social Bonding -- By complimenting someone, you're saying, "You're my friend. I like you."

3. Reaction Formation -- This is the phenomenon where an anxiety-producing emotion ("I hate that she has a skinny body and I don't") gets replaced by its direct opposite ("I love your look today!"). Women feel threatened by attractive women. In this page of Jessica Alba bikini photos, the comments are telling: "She looks awesome. Gawd I hate her..." is just one.

Could it be that a good portion of the body image pressure women feel comes from the non-stop, public judging of other women on how they look?

The Right Mix of Independence and Interdependence for Group Decision Making

My Mom is a beekeeper so I've been reading articles on how bees live and work. Much about bee life is very interesting and relevant in other contexts: their teamwork, how they relate to their CEO (queen bee), division of labor, and more. Below's a fascinating excerpt from a recent academic paper on how honey bees select their nest. They employ a blend of individual, independent assessments of quality nest sites and consensus-driven deference around the most promising, emerging nest sites. With a right combination of independence and interdependence, they are able to make a decision that draws upon collective wisdom while also avoiding groupthink.

We have developed an agent-based model of nest-site choice among honeybees. The model not only explicitly represents the behaviour of each individual bee as a simple stochastic process, but it also allows us to simulate the bees' decision-making behaviour under a wide variety of empirically motivated as well as hypothetical assumptions. The model predicts that, consistently with empirical observations by Seeley & Buhrman (2001), the bees manage to reach a consensus on the best nest site for a large range of parameter conditions, under both more and less demanding criteria of consensus. Moreover, the model shows that the remarkable reliability of the bees' decision-making process stems from the particular interplay of independence and interdependence between them. The bees are independent in assessing the quality of different nest sites on their own, but interdependent in giving more attention to nest sites that are more strongly advertised by others.

Without interdependence, the rapid convergence of the bees' dances to a consensus would be undermined; there would not be a ‘snowballing’ of attention on the best nest site. Without independence, a consensus would still emerge, but it would no longer robustly be on the best nest site; instead, many bees would end up dancing for nest sites that accidentally receive some initial support through random fluctuations. It is only when independence and interdependence are combined in the right way that the bees achieve their remarkable collective reliability.


(hat tip Paul Kedrosky)

In Defense of Downtime

The always interesting Jonah Lehrer channels Joseph Brodsky and defends moments of boredom:

...boredom can be a crucial mental tool. In recent years, scientists have begun to identify a neural circuit called the default network, which is turned on when we're not preoccupied with something in our external environment. (That's another way of saying we're bored. Perhaps we're staring out a train window, or driving our car along a familiar route, or reading a tedious text.) At first glance, these boring moments might seem like a great time for the brain to go quiet, to reduce metabolic activity and save some glucose for later. But that isn't what happens. The bored brain is actually incredibly active, as it generates daydreams and engages in mental time travel.

Growing up, I used to spend a lot of time lying on my bed with either a Captain Planet toy or a miniature football and daydream for hours.

Most kids have plenty of time for imaginative fantasies. As busy adults, however, reflective, idle time is harder to come by. But still important for allowing our brain to "form connections among seemingly disperate ideas."

Staring blankly out the window of a car, train, or plane, thinking about nothing in particular, not listening to an audiobook, nor talking to anyone else: this is my present-day version of idle downtown that most often leads to mental time travel and creative "what if" scenarios.

###

Jonah Lehrer's blog is excellent, by the way. Here he is on gender differences and decision making.

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